Fig. 2: Associations between plasma proteins and air pollutants.
From: Plasma proteome mediates the associations between air pollution exposure and disease risk
A Manhattan plot of PWAS results for PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and NOx (n = 49,242 participants). Associations were assessed using linear models via the limma package. Colored dots represent proteins significantly associated with the corresponding air pollutant. The −log₁₀(p) in y-axis represents the statistical significance of the association between proteins and the pollutants. The gray horizontal line represents the significance threshold of P < 0.05, while the colored horizontal lines indicate the threshold of FDR < 0.05 (Benjamini-Hochberg correction). B Volcano plot of PWAS results for the AP index from linear models. Red dots represent significantly upregulated proteins, and blue dots represent significantly downregulated proteins at the threshold of FDR < 0.05. C Number of proteins significantly associated with each air pollutant (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NOx). The darker color in each bar represents proteins specific to a single pollutant, while the light color represents proteins associated with multiple pollutants. Functional enrichment analysis of proteins associated with different air pollutants in terms of GO (D), KEGG (E), and Reactome (F) databases. The −log₁₀(p.adjust) shows the enrichment significance using Fisher’s exact tests, adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg method. Top 10 most significantly and commonly enriched functions and pathways are shown. Source data are provided in the Source Data file.
