Fig. 6: Intervertebral Degeneration Results.

a Intervertebral disc degeneration analysis. b Spinal stenosis. c Left foramen stenosis. d Right foramen stenosis. The comparison between our model prediction and the annotation by different doctors are illustrated, including clinical doctor, junior and senior radiologists, and the gold standard is annotated by the experts. In establishing the gold standard, all cases were de-identified by removing personal information, and the experts were blinded to both the assessments made by other doctors and the predictions from the AI model. Furthermore, all cases were presented in a randomized order. The results of our model are illustrated with an ROC curve, and the results of doctors are illustrated as the corresponding points (better review in color). The x-axis is “left 1-Specifity"right, the y-axis is sensitivity. The radar chart includes five evaluation indicators: accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F1 score.