Fig. 2: LN-MFP for photoacoustic detection. | Nature Communications

Fig. 2: LN-MFP for photoacoustic detection.

From: Multifunctional lithium niobate platform for photodetection and photoacoustic and thermoelastic gas sensing

Fig. 2: LN-MFP for photoacoustic detection.

a Spectral coverage with excitation sources from visible to long-wave infrared and the targeted analytes. b–g present representative measurements for each target gas: the main plot in each panel shows a typical 2 f signal acquired with the indicated light source and sample concentration; the left inset shows the concentration-calibration (linear fit); the top-right inset shows a 1σ noise level obtained with pure N₂; and the bottom-right inset shows the Allan-deviation (AD) curves used to extract the1σ MDL and optimal averaging times. Extracted MDLs (1σ) and averaging times are: b MDL ~ 2 ppb at 1,000 s; c MDL ~ 25 ppb at 6,300 s; d MDL ~ 3.5 ppb at 1000 s; e MDL ~ 350 ppb at ~1900 s; f MDL ~ 2.5 ppb at 1,200 s; g MDL ~ 350 ppt at 1100 s. VIS LED: visible light emitting diode; NIR LD: near-infrared laser diode; MWIR ICL: mid-wave interband cascade laser; LWIR QCL: long-wave quantum-cascade laser.

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