Fig. 2: Monitoring in situ pH distributions in TiO2-modified AEMWEs.
From: Local alkalinity enables high-performance pure water anion exchange membrane electrolysis
a, b Atomic-scale high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) images of TiO2-modified NiFe oxide and NiMo alloy, respectively. c, d Local pHanode and pHcathode of the TiO2-modified AEMWEs under varied cell voltages, respectively. e Two-dimensional pH distributions within the anode and cathode catalyst layers of the TiO2-modified AEMWE-3 at a cell voltage of 1.9 V. f Relationship between local pHanode and distance from the pH ultra-microelectrode tip to the anode catalyst layer. g Corresponding relationship for the cathode catalyst layer. Note that the local pH values in (c, d, f, g) were averaged over measurements taken at three distinct points, and the standard deviations were marked by the error bars. Source data for Fig. 2c–g are provided as a Source Data file.
