Fig. 3: Distributional impact of MPAs across socioeconomic subgroups.
From: Distributional effects of marine conservation on coastal livelihoods in Eastern Indonesia
Impacts are estimated from the difference-in-differences model in Eq. 1 for two economic-well-being outcome indicators: (1) poverty alleviation index and (2) household perception of economic stability or improvement. Bar heights illustrate estimated impact directions and magnitudes, with more positive values representing better economic well-being. Thick [thin] whiskers represent one-standard-error [95-percent] confidence intervals around the estimated average treatment effects (mean). Blue bars represent the more economically disadvantaged subgroup. Each subgroup-specific effect is estimated by comparing the treated and non-treated households belonging to the same social group. Sample size (n) corresponds to the number of respondents in each subgroup. The sample size (number of respondents) corresponding to the Asset-based well-being [Perceived well-being] regressions for female, male, retirement-age, working-age, non-fishers, fishers, non-Adat, and Adat groups are respectively 765 [804]; 8812 [9232]; 2158 [2327]; 7263 [7557]; 7006 [7413]; 2571 [2623]; 6843 [7064]; 2518 [2537].
