Fig. 4: Distributional impact of MPAs across socioeconomic subgroups and levels of community participation.
From: Distributional effects of marine conservation on coastal livelihoods in Eastern Indonesia
Distributional impacts are estimated separately for settlements with high (left panels) and low (right panels) levels of community participation. In each subgroup category, a settlement is classified as having a high (low) participation level if the baseline share of community group participation of the more economically disadvantaged subgroup (blue color) is above (below) its MPA’s median. Bar heights illustrate the estimated impact directions and magnitudes, with more positive values representing greater poverty alleviation or a more positive perception of economic trend over the previous year for the poverty alleviation index and perception of economic trend, respectively. Thick [thin] whiskers represent one-standard-error [95-percent] confidence intervals around the estimated average treatment effects (mean). Blue bars represent the more economically disadvantaged subgroup. Each subgroup-specific effect is estimated by comparing the treated and non-treated households belonging to the same social group. Sample size (n) corresponds to the number of respondents in each subgroup. The sample size (number of respondents) corresponding to the Asset-based well-being [Perceived well-being] regressions for female, male, retirement-age, working-age, non-fishers, fishers, non-Adat, and Adat groups are respectively 765 [804]; 8812 [9232]; 2158 [2327]; 7263 [7557]; 7006 [7413]; 2571 [2623]; 6843 [7064]; 2518 [2537].
