Fig. 2: Weak localization-enhanced electronic coherence promotes electron-hole separation.

a–c 2D mapping TA spectra and (d–f) surface photovoltage response of TAPT-TPA-4F COFs measured by Kelvin probe force microscopy under alternating dark and light conditions. The CPD (orange line) and corresponding surface height profile (gray line) were recorded simultaneously to correlate photovoltage behavior with surface morphology. g–i In situ AFM-derived surface potential distribution of COFs under external stimulation, showing a gradual potential variation from –50 mV to +50 mV across a 200 nm × 200 nm region. TAPT-TPA (a, d, g), TAPT-TPA-2F (b, e, h) and TAPT-TPA-4F (c, f, i) COFs.