Fig. 5: Phase-amplitude coupling of alpha-like and 15-40 Hz oscillations is impaired in Fmr1^-/y mice.

a (left) Median bootstrapped noise-subtracted cross-frequency comodulogram for juvenile (p30–40) Fmr1^-/y (KO) mice (top) and littermate wild-type (WT) mice (bottom) viewing a static, iso-luminant gray screen, n = 67 per group. Warmer colors indicate stronger coupling (modulation index, MI) between the phase of alpha-like oscillations (periodic Pk1, 2–9 Hz) and the amplitude of higher frequency oscillations. (right) Boostrapped median comodulogram MI values that are significantly greater than noise (i.e., MI – noise > 0 with 99% confidence interval (CI), non-parametric hierarchical bootstrap). All other median MI values are set to 0. b Same as (a) but for juvenile Emx1-Fmr1 KO (n = 15) and littermate WT mice (n = 29) viewing the static gray screen. c Probability distribution (mean +/ SEM) for gray-screen viewing juvenile KO mice (left, n = 67) and WT mice (right, n = 67) of 15–40 Hz amplitude values occurring in one of 18 bins of the periodic Pk1 (4–6 Hz) phase. A flatter distribution yields a smaller MI. d Bootstrapped difference (median +/− 99% CI) between the KO and WT mice amplitude probability distributions shown in (c). Dots at the bottom of the plot indicate the points of significant difference between groups, where the CI does not overlap with zero (non-parametric hierarchical bootstrap, 99% CI). e, f Same as c, d but for juvenile Emx1-Fmr1 KO (n = 15) and littermate WT mice (n = 29). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.