Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the two-dose RZV-vaccinated and unvaccinated cohorts after weighting

From: Recombinant zoster vaccine is associated with a reduced risk of dementia

 

Vaccinated

Unvaccinated

ASD

 

n = 65,800

n = 263,200

 

Age at index date, years

  

0.014

 Mean (SD)

73.42 (6.19)

73.33 (6.69)

 

 Median

72

72

 

 Q1, Q3

69, 77

68, 77

 

 Minimum, Maximum

65, 101

65, 109

 

Age at index date, years, n (%)

  

0.031

 65–69

20,515 (31.2)

85,322 (32.4)

 

 70–74

20,796 (31.6)

82,857 (31.5)

 

 75–79

13,349 (20.3)

52,606 (20.0)

 

 ≥80

11,140 (16.9)

42,415 (16.1)

 

Sex, n (%)

  

0.004

 Female

37,818 (57.5)

151,775 (57.7)

 

 Male

27,982 (42.5)

111,425 (42.3)

 

Race/Ethnicity, n (%)

  

0.011

 Non-Hispanic White

40,172 (61.1)

161,188 (61.2)

 

 Non-Hispanic Black

3052 (4.6)

11,995 (4.6)

 

 Hispanic

10,331 (15.7)

41,506 (15.8)

 

 Non-Hispanic Asian

10,724 (16.3)

42,137 (16.0)

 

 Other/Multiple/Unknown

1521 (2.3)

6374 (2.4)

 

History of ZVL vaccinationa, n (%)

  

0.044

 No

20,751 (31.5)

88,250 (33.5)

 

 Yes, ≤5 years

6093 (9.3)

22,933 (8.7)

 

 Yes, >5 years

38,956 (59.2)

152,017 (57.8)

 

MCI statusb, n (%)

  

0.001

 No

64,576 (98.1)

258,352 (98.2)

 

 Yes

1224 (1.9)

4848 (1.8)

 

History of HZa, n (%)

  

0.007

 No

57,260 (87.0)

229,508 (87.2)

 

 Yes, ≤2 years

2083 (3.2)

8052 (3.1)

 

 Yes, >2 years

6456 (9.8)

25,641 (9.7)

 

Length of continuous membershipa, years, n (%)

 

0.011

 1– <5

9490 (14.4)

38,476 (14.6)

 

 5– <10

11,466 (17.4)

46,678 (17.7)

 

 ≥10

44,844 (68.2)

178,046 (67.6)

 

Other vaccinesc, n (%)

   

 Influenza vaccine

55,343 (84.1)

215,884 (82.0)

0.056

 COVID-19 vaccine

2 (0.0)

18 (0.0)

0.006

 Otherd

16,792 (25.5)

63,237 (24.0)

0.035

Number of outpatient and virtual visitsc, n (%)

 

0.059

 0–4

12,001 (18.2)

54,101 (20.6)

 

 5–10

21,178 (32.2)

83,255 (31.6)

 

 ≥11

32,621 (49.6)

125,843 (47.8)

 

Number of emergency department visitsc, n (%)

 

0.014

 0

52,364 (79.6)

210,861 (80.1)

 

 1

9093 (13.8)

35,590 (13.5)

 

 ≥2

4343 (6.6)

16,749 (6.4)

 

Number of hospitalizationsc, n (%)

  

0.005

 0

61,097 (92.9)

244,701 (93.0)

 

 1

3525 (5.4)

13,875 (5.3)

 

 ≥2

1178 (1.8)

4624 (1.8)

 

Preventive carec, n (%)

37,467 (56.9)

145,919 (55.4)

0.030

Comorbiditiesc, n(%)

   

 Kidney disease

11,801 (17.9)

45,606 (17.3)

0.016

 Heart disease

5933 (9.0)

22,878 (8.7)

0.011

 Lung disease

11,910 (18.1)

46,080 (17.5)

0.016

 Liver disease

2911 (4.4)

11,210 (4.3)

0.008

 Diabetes

18,136 (27.6)

70,108 (26.6)

0.021

 Brain tumor

49 (0.1)

232 (0.1)

0.005

 Traumatic brain injury

289 (0.4)

1079 (0.4)

0.005

 Hearing loss

4653 (7.1)

17,946 (6.8)

0.010

 Parkinson’s disease

524 (0.8)

2073 (0.8)

0.001

 Huntington’s disease

3 (0.0)

13 (0.0)

0.000

 Multiple sclerosis

125 (0.2)

496 (0.2)

0.000

 Anxiety

7237 (11.0)

28,188 (10.7)

0.009

 Depression

9061 (13.8)

35,379 (13.4)

0.010

 Sleep disorders

9119 (13.9)

35,188 (13.4)

0.014

 Metabolic syndrome

6529 (9.9)

25,164 (9.6)

0.012

 Hypertension

38,803 (59.0)

150,217 (57.1)

0.039

 Alcohol abuse

992 (1.5)

3990 (1.5)

0.001

 Dyslipidemia

45,405 (69.0)

175,752 (66.8)

0.048

 Viral infections

2599 (3.9)

10,310 (3.9)

0.002

Immunocompromised at index datee, n (%)

3234 (4.9)

12,724 (4.8)

0.004

Charlson comorbidity scorec,f

  

0.017

 Mean (SD)

1.80 (2.04)

1.76 (2.08)

 

 Median

1

1

 

 Q1, Q3

0, 3

0, 3

 

 Minimum, maximum

0, 17

0, 17

 

Charlson comorbidity scorec,f, n (%)

 

0.043

 0

22,480 (34.2)

95,296 (36.2)

 

 1

14,395 (21.9)

56,214 (21.4)

 

 ≥2

28,925 (44.0)

111,690 (42.4)

 

Frailty indexc,g

  

0.009

 Mean (SD)

0.14 (0.04)

0.14 (0.04)

 

 Median

0.13

0.13

 

 Q1, Q3

0.11, 0.16

0.11, 0.15

 

 Minimum, maximum

0.04, 0.37

0.05, 0.40

 

Frailty indexc,g, n (%)

  

0.042

 Q1

15,273 (23.2)

65,742 (25.0)

 

 Q2

16,718 (25.4)

65,816 (25.0)

 

 Q3

16,827 (25.6)

65,812 (25.0)

 

 Q4, most frail

16,982 (25.8)

65,830 (25.0)

 

Smokingc, n(%)

  

0.077

 No

44,869 (68.2)

175,742 (66.8)

 

 Yes

16,940 (25.7)

66,288 (25.2)

 

 Unknown

3991 (6.1)

21,169 (8.0)

 

Body mass indexh, n (%)

  

0.081

 <18.5

934 (1.4)

3819 (1.5)

 

 18.5– <25

18,993 (28.9)

74,294 (28.2)

 

 25– <30

22,905 (34.8)

89,528 (34.0)

 

 ≥30

18,832 (28.6)

73,446 (27.9)

 

 Unknown

4136 (6.3)

22,113 (8.4)

 

Neighborhood median household income, n (%)

 

0.004

 <$40,000

2825 (4.3)

11,384 (4.3)

 

 $40,000–$59,999

10,700 (16.3)

43,016 (16.3)

 

 $60,000–$79,999

14,508 (22.0)

58,059 (22.1)

 

 ≥$80,000

37,610 (57.2)

150,081 (57.0)

 

 Unknown

157 (0.2)

661 (0.3)

 

Neighborhood-level educationi, n (%)

 

0.007

 ≤High school

12,522 (19.0)

50,807 (19.3)

 

 >High school

53,123 (80.7)

211,742 (80.4)

 

 Unknown

155 (0.2)

651 (0.2)

 

Medicaid, n (%)

2487 (3.8)

9637 (3.7)

0.006

Year of index date, n (%)

  

0.029

 2018

8566 (13.0)

32,688 (12.4)

 

 2019

35,392 (53.8)

139,812 (53.1)

 

 2020

21,842 (33.2)

90,700 (34.5)

 
  1. AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, ASD absolute standardized difference, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, HZ herpes zoster, MCI mild cognitive impairment, n number, Q quartile, RZV recombinant zoster vaccine, SD standard deviation, Td tetanus and diphtheria vaccine, Tdap tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccine, ZVL zoster vaccine live.
  2. aDefined based on all available medical records prior to the index date.
  3. bDefined based on all available medical records prior to index date to 6 months after the index date.
  4. cDefined in the year prior to the index date.
  5. dAmong subjects who received other vaccines in the year prior to the index date: pneumococcal (60.2%), Tdap/Td (31.8%), hepatitis A or B (10.1%), and other vaccine (13.0%).
  6. eImmunocompromised defined as HIV/AIDS, hematopoietic stem cell/solid organ transplant, leukemia/lymphoma, congenital and other immunodeficiencies, or asplenia/hyposplenia at any time prior to the index date, or immunosuppressive medication at index date.
  7. fPossible range: 0–2946.
  8. gPossible range: 0–147.
  9. hDefined as most recent in the year prior to the index date.
  10. iDefined as <50% or ≥50% of the neighborhood that attained more than high school education.
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