Fig. 3: iMOE results and analysis.

a Prediction results of the proposed framework and existing methods for interval samples dominated by three different degradation modes. b Prediction results of the proposed framework and existing methods under different secondary use conditions. c Comparison of prediction results for different materials and usage conditions. d Prediction results for datasets under three different usage conditions. e Comparison of prediction time and accuracy between the proposed framework and existing methods. f Model performance under different initial SOC conditions in random retirement scenarios. Source data are provided as a Source data file.