Fig. 2: Experimental investigation of the shape-morphing processes from 2D to 3D. | Nature Communications

Fig. 2: Experimental investigation of the shape-morphing processes from 2D to 3D.

From: Laser-stimulated 4D printing of magnetostrictive Fe-Co-V

Fig. 2: Experimental investigation of the shape-morphing processes from 2D to 3D.

4D printing deformation effect of four distinct structural categories. The structures include: a four conventional bending structures (i a planar net of an open-top square box; ⅱ a planar net of a square pyramid; iii an octagonal planar structural pattern; ⅳ a pentagonal planar structural pattern), b four unique bending structures (i a gear structure; ⅱ, iii turbine blade structures; ⅳ a shoe sensor device), c three types of biomimetic structures (i a bat structure; ⅱ an eight-petalled flower structure; iii a human hand structure), and d three types of electromagnetic structures (i-iii three electromagnetic shielding structures). Scale bar: 10 mm.

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