Fig. 5: Borneol elicits robust responses in the Ae. aegypti AL.

a Schematic of the two-photon setup used to record calcium dynamics in the mosquito antennal lobe (AL). b AL atlas, highlighting the MD1 (blue), MD2 (orange), and MD3 (green) glomeruli. Non-responsive AL glomeruli (grey) and the mediodorsal glomeruli were registered and mapped to previously published atlases. c Pseudo color plot from a single preparation of ΔF/F₀ calcium responses (0-0.6 scale) to (+)-borneol (10^-4 dilution), at a depth of 75 µm from the surface of the AL. Borneol evoked a strong response in the region of interest mapped to the MD3 glomerulus (highlighted in white). d MD3 glomerulus responses (ΔF/F₀) to (+/-)-borneol and other olfactory stimuli (e–g). Lines and shaded areas represent mean +/- SEM across mosquitoes. For each odor and animal, repeated stimulations (including both (+)- and (–)-borneol where available) were averaged to obtain a mean response. Data are from 4 of 6 original preparations - mosquitoes 1 and 4 were excluded due to excessive 3D movement of the sample and inconsistent imaging plane caused by sample rotation, respectively. Resulting sample sizes are n = 4 mosquitoes for (+/–)-borneol, 1-octen-3-ol (10⁻⁴ dilution) and solvent control, and n = 2 mosquitoes for CO₂ (5%). The grey bar denotes stimulus duration (2 s). All panels were analyzed as in (d). h Responses of the MD3 glomerulus to a limited panel of three odorants at 10⁻⁴ concentration (n = 4), CO₂ (5%) (n = 2), and the negative control (n = 4). Asterisks denote stimuli significantly greater than control (Kruskal-Wallis with multiple comparisons: p < 0.02). Responses to CO₂ are not considered in this analysis due to the small sample size. Data are presented as mean +/- SEM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.