Fig. 1: An overview of the experimental workflow for this study.

a Field investigation and sampling. Four groups of banana plantations were selected for sampling in 2016 and 2017. Disease index was determined by combining the samples in 2016 and 2017. Soil nematodes were identified by morphological assessments (2016; including Y1, Y4, Y7, and Y10) and high-throughput sequencing (2017; including Y2, Y5, Y8, and Y11), total DNA was isolated from rhizosphere soil in 2017 to analyze nematode and bacterial community. b Determination, isolation, and identification of key bacterial taxa. The in vivo and in vitro experiments were used to analyze the nematicidal effects of key bacterial taxa. c Mechanisms of nematode suppression by key bacterial taxa. The siderophore bacillibactin was determined as the potential nematicidal compound, after purifying and concentrating the siderophore bacillibactin, nematode suppression effects were determined by the chemotaxis assays, lethal test and pot experiments. Created in BioRender. Wang, K. (2026) https://BioRender.com/m3rcb3k.