Fig. 4: Performance and application of Tp-Bth and TFB-Bth COF membranes. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Performance and application of Tp-Bth and TFB-Bth COF membranes.

From: Ultramicroporous covalent organic framework membranes with fortified hydrogen-bond networks for high-performance desalination

Fig. 4: Performance and application of Tp-Bth and TFB-Bth COF membranes.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a, b Water permeance and NaCl rejection of Tp-Bth COF membranes under different Bth content and reaction time. c Separation performance of the TFB-Bth, Tp-Bth, and SW30 membranes toward a 2000 ppm NaCl and 5 ppm boron feed solution. d, e Digital photographs, SEM images (scale bar 1 μm) of Tp-Bth membrane acid immersion process. f Performance of the long-term pH stability (pH = 3) of the Tp-Bth membrane at a feed pressure of 15 bar and room temperature (2000 ppm NaCl). g Evaluation of antifouling performance: Normalized water flux versus operation time for Tp-Bth COF membrane using BSA and SA as model foulants. The fouling tests comprise three stages: (1) collecting baseline of water flux using a feed solution of 2000 ppm NaCl, (2) recording flux when fouled by 200 ppm model foulants in a feed solution of 2,000 ppm NaCl and (3) evaluating flux recovery using a feed solution of 2,000 ppm NaCl after cleaning the membrane via deionized water flushing. h flux recovery ratio (FRR), flux decline Ratio (FDR), reversible flux decline rate (DRr) and irreversible flux decline rate (DRir) for Tp-Bth COF membrane. i Radar plot comparing the physicochemical properties of Tp-Bth and TFB-Bth COF membranes. j Long-term operational stability performance of Tp-Bth membrane. k Membranes performance in this work compared to other membranes in the literature. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3 for a–c).

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