Fig. 3: The 3D temperature and vector fields for the depth range of 40–300 km.

a Profile -P1- and geographic locations are marked on topographic relief. b Velocity vectors show prominent SW-NE flows – plumelet15 – from the North Arabian Platform to the East Greater Caucasus (see profile -P1- in Fig. 5). Iso-surfaces are imaged only for ≤1000 K (see color scale in Fig. 4d). MATLAB-R2024a, ParaView and CorelDraw2025 were utilized for the visualization of results.