Fig. 1: Impact of synthetic urine complexity on the BMED system performance over seven batches. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Impact of synthetic urine complexity on the BMED system performance over seven batches.

From: Synthetic urine oversimplification results in misleading membrane fouling mechanisms in bipolar membrane electrodialysis

Fig. 1: Impact of synthetic urine complexity on the BMED system performance over seven batches.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a Schematic of the nutrient recovery mechanism via the BMED system. b Variation in desalination efficiency, c System performance decay ratio, d Nitrogen recovery content and its decay rate, e Phosphorus recovery content and its decay rate, f Potassium recovery content and its decay rate. BPM: bipolar membrane; AEM: anion-exchange membrane; CEM: cation-exchange membrane; HFM: hollow fiber membrane; Feed chamber: urine inflow; Acid chamber: H+ from BPM hydrolysis; Base chamber: OH- from BPM hydrolysis; Absorption chamber: The gas-liquid mass transfer interface constructed by HFM achieves selective NH3(g) capture and chemical fixation using preloaded sulfuric acid as the absorption medium. Data points represent measurements from a single, continuous operational sequence for each group.

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