Fig. 5: Piezoelectrochemistry and piezoelectric properties.

a Piezoelectric electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of BTO, BTO-I, and MBTO-I under ultrasonic condition. Negative sweep LSV current curves (b) and positive sweep LSV current curves (c) of BTO, BTO-I, and MBTO-I under ultrasonic condition. Butterfly amplitude loop and phase curves of d BTO, e BTO-I, and f MBTO-I. Mapping images of piezoelectric current response of g BTO and h MBTO-I. Current–voltage (I–V) measured i BTO and j MBTO-I by CAFM. k Corresponding peak fitting from CAFM. Source data are provided as a Source data file.