Fig. 4: Swimming performance of OstraBot with different tendon stiffness and stimulation frequencies.
From: Fast-swimming biohybrid OstraBot with self-trained high-strength muscles
Swimming trajectories and quantitative analysis of OstraBots with different tendon stiffness at 3 Hz stimulation: a top-view composite trajectories, b distance–time profiles (n = 3 independent muscles per robot), and c instantaneous swimming speeds. d Distance–time profiles of the intermediate-tendon OstraBots stimulated at 2 Hz, 3 Hz, and 4 Hz. e Steady-state swimming speed of OstraBot with varying stiffness–frequency combinations (n = 3–5 independent muscles per robot). f Swimming speed comparison of OstraBots powered by HMP- and STMP-cultured muscles (HMP: n = 9; STMP: n = 7; P = 0.0000001). Significance was determined using two-tailed Student’s t-test (***P < 0.001). Data represent mean ± SD.
