Fig. 3: Performance of perovskite solar cells.
From: Perovskite solar cells with enhanced thermal fatigue resistance under extreme temperature cycling
a Schematic illustration of the fabricated perovskite solar cells. b J-V curves and the corresponding device parameters of the best-performing solar cell devices fabricated at the LMU Munich, and c the ones fabricated at Tianjin University. The inset figure shows the steady-state power conversion efficiencies of the champion device. d Relative energy levels of the perovskite and ITO/SAM stacks derived from UPS measurements. e Photoluminescence (PL) based implied open-circuit Voltage (iVOC) images acquired over the full device area (six pixels per device; pixel area: 4 × 4 mm²). f Statistical distribution of the VOC and FF values for the solar cell devices. In the combined box–violin plots, the center line indicates the median; the box limits represent the 25 and 75th percentiles; whiskers extend from the minimum to the maximum values; squares denote the mean; individual points represent the measured data values; and the overlaid curves represent the data distribution density. Error bars indicate standard deviation.
