Fig. 5: Electrochemical performance of half-cells.

a Zn plating/stripping performance of Zn | |Zn symmetric cells at 30, 60, 70, and 80% depth of discharge (DOD). Here, 100% DOD is defined as the complete consumption of a 10 μm Zn foil, corresponding to an areal capacity of 5.85 mAh cm⁻². Accordingly, 30%, 60%, 70% and 80% DOD were achieved using areal capacity of 1.75, 3.51, 4.1, 4.68 mAh cm⁻², respectively. b Zn plating/stripping performance of Zn | |Zn symmetric cells at different current densities, with the cutoff capacity defined by 100% DOD (5.85 mAh cm⁻²). c Average coulombic efficiency of the two electrolytes assessed via Aurbach’s method. d Comparison of DOD, cumulative plating capacity (CPC) and normalized electrolyte cost relative to representative previous studies, based on simplified post hoc estimates. The source of the literature data are summarized in Supplementary Tables S3-S5. All electrochemical data were obtained at 25 °C. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.