Table 1 Comparison of state-of-the-art high-order, high data rate capable backscatter systems

From: Broadband multi-beam lens-assisted mmID enabling multi-gigabit backscatter data rates for next-generation wireless networks

Ref.

Frequency

Modulation

Data rate

Energy per bit

Range

6

900 − 930 MHz

16-QAM

96 Mbps

15.5 pJ bit−1

1.24 m

38

900 − 930MHz

4-PAM

1 kbps

2.5 pJ bit−1

N/A

41

900 − 930 MHz

4-QAM

400 kbps

12.75 pJ bit−1

4.5 m

42

2.45 GHz

16-QAM

120 Mbps

6.7 pJ bit−1

N/A

15

24 GHz

ASK

1 Gbps

2400 pJ bit−1

4.65 m

14

24 − 28 GHz

16-QAM

2 Gbps

0.17 pJ bit−1

0.5 m

This work

26–29 GHz

32-QAM

4 Gbps/1 Gbps

0.08/0.2 pJ bit−1

5 m/20 m

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