Fig. 1: Design and system description.
From: Massive-scale spatial multiplexing of multimode VCSELs with a 3D-printed photonic lantern
a Output modes of the different devices, with each background color corresponding to a specific device (Blue: 7-MM PL, Blue + Yellow: 19-MM PL, Blue + Yellow + Black: 37-MM PL). Schematics of the (b) 7-MM PL, (c) 19-MM PL, and (d) 37-MM PL integrated with the VCSEL array chip. e Illustration of the input waveguide arrangement for the 37 sources with classification to symmetry waveguide groups ("A"–"D"). Evolution of the GA generations for (f) 7-MM PL, (g) 19-MM PL and (h) 37-MM PL, showing the average and best results for each generation.
