Fig. 1: The schematic diagram of the synthesis of the triphase interface artificial photosynthetic system CsPbI3@COF-X (X = Cl, Br, I).

a Synthesis route of the CsPbI3@COF-X system. b Continuous in situ passivation mechanism of COF-Cl matrix on CsPbI3 QDs. c Photochemical synthesis of H2O2 at the triphase interface in the CsPbI3@COF-Cl system.