Fig. 3: Dynamic changes in visual responses following the latest saccade.

a Example traces of EOG and neuronal spiking activity in response to grating motion. Red lines mark motion onset/offset, while sky-blue lines indicate the latest saccade onset. Visual responses were categorized into three stages based on intervals from the saccade onset, represented by progressively darker yellow shades. Heatmaps depict responses from an example neuron, sorted by time since the latest saccade onset (left) and aligned to grating motion onset (right). Visual responses of the example neuron plotted against time since the prior saccade onset (b, n = 158 trials) and z-scored distributions across three stages (c, one-way ANOVA, F_{(2, 155)} = 13.13, p < 0.001). Post hoc pairwise comparisons were adjusted using the Holm-Bonferroni (adjusted p_1,2 = 0.02, p_2,3 = 2.2 × 10⁻³). Comparison of z-scored visual responses between stage 3 and stage 1 for neurons in the OT (d), nOPT (e, p = 5.1 × 10⁻³), and nLM (f) regions, and their normalized visual responses across three stages (g–i). Data points represent mean ± SEM. Black lines represent the linear regression, while the shadings are the 95% confidence interval of the fit. j–m Estimated glucose dynamics following a saccade differ between anterior OT (a-OT, red) and posterior OT (p-OT, blue) neurons due to the proximity of their visual receptive fields to the pecten^40,47,48. Red and blue dots indicate the recording sites and their respective receptive fields (j; Scale bar: 2 mm). Temporal glucose diffusion patterns reveal a delay between a-OT and p-OT neurons (k). Estimated glucose dynamics (open circles, dashed lines) showed trends similar to the visual response (filled circles, solid lines) in the a-OT (l) and p-OT (m) across stages. Data points and error bars represent mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Source data are provided as a Source data file.