Fig. 4: Bidirectional intraocular glucose manipulations effectively modulate visual responses.
From: Saccades orchestrate intraocular glucose dynamics to shape visual responses in birds
Pharmacological experimental setup illustrating intravitreal microinjections of D-glucose, L-glucose, saline (a) or Bay-876 (b). c Heatmaps showing visual responses of an example neuron to grating motion, before and after intravitreal microinjections of saline, D-glucose, and L-glucose, in order. Colored arrows indicate the time of injections, and colored bands represent analysis windows (2 min). Visual responses before and after intravitreal microinjections of D-glucose (d, g; p = 7.8 × 10−3 in g), L-glucose (e, h), and saline (f, i) for the example neuron (d–f) and the neuron population (g–i). Saccade frequencies (j–l) and oscillation frequencies (m–o) from the same population of neurons (n numbers as in g–i) before and after injections of D-glucose (j, m), L-glucose (k, n), and saline (l, o). p Heatmaps of visual responses from an example neuron before and after Bay-876 injection. The blue arrow marks the injection time, and colored bands represent the 10-min analysis windows before and after the injection. Visual responses before and after Bay-876 injection for an example neuron (q) and across the neuron population (r, p = 9.8 × 10−3). Saccade frequency (s) and oscillation frequency (t) from the same population of neurons (n number as in r) before and after Bay-876 injection. **p < 0.01, two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Error bars in (d–f, q) represent mean ± 1 SEM, while (g–o, r–t) depict individual neuron data (gray lines) and the mean ± SEM (colored lines). Source data are provided as a Source data file.
