Fig. 5: Dynamics of circulating immune subsets following therapy.

a Frequencies of monocytic M-MDSCs (CD11b⁺ CD14⁺ HLA-DR-low/– CD15⁻) at baseline and C1D15 in each arm. M-MDSC levels decreased at C1D15 in CB groups (D + O + C, p < 0.001; D + C, p = 0.04) but not in NCB groups (D + O + C, p = 0.1055; D + C, p = 0.2656). b Frequencies of PMN-MDSCs (CD14⁻ CD11b⁺ CD15⁺) at baseline and C1D15 in CB versus NCB patients for each arm. c, d Activated and proliferating CD8⁺ (c) and CD4⁺ (d) T-cell subsets co-expressing Ki67 with HLA-DR, PD-1, or ICOS at baseline and C1D15 in each arm. D + O + C treatment reduced activated and proliferating CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T cells in both CB and NCB groups (p < 0.05). e Frequencies of CD56⁺ CD16⁺ NK-cell subsets at baseline and C1D15. Sample size for a–e: D + O + C (CB, n = 24; NCB, n = 12), D + C (CB, n = 16; NCB, n = 10). The boxes extend from min to max values, with the median depicted by a horizontal line. For all data, a non-parametric two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for unpaired samples, while a two-sided Wilcoxon matched-pairs test was used to analyze paired samples. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. C1D15, cycle 1 day 15; CB clinical benefit, D + O + C durvalumab, cediranib, and olaparib, D + C durvalumab plus cediranib, HLA-DR human leukocyte antigen-DR isotype, ICOS inducible T-cell costimulatory, M-MDSC monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells, NCB no clinical benefit, NES normalized enrichment score, PD-1 programmed cell death protein 1, PMN-MDSC polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells, NK natural killer.