Fig. 1: Bio-inspired integration of energy storage and actuation.
From: A bioinspired microdevice unifying energy storage and actuation through hydration control
a Schematic illustration of a biological muscle fascicle that monolithically integrates local energy and actuation. b Schematic illustration of ion doping/extraction in conjugated polymers, simultaneously enabling charge storage and volumetric change. c Optical image of an artificial sub-millimeter device integrating energy storage and actuation. The inset shows the integration layer, which consists of the actuators and the upper electrode in the bottom cell. d Optical image of the dual-cell microbattery with a footprint of 0.56 mm2. e Optical image of parallel fabrication of 120 microstacks on a single substrate (22 × 22 mm2). f Optical images showing the micro-origami self-folding process of the dual-cell microbattery through a consecutive two-step folding. Scale bars: 500 µm. Panel a adapted from Servier Medical Art (https://smart.servier.com), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
