Fig. 5: Heterogeneous interfacial H2O2 photosynthesis and its reaction mechanism.

a Schematic diagram of triphase H2O2 photosynthesis with Us. b Time profiles of CTFs for H2O2 photosynthesis in various scenarios. Experimental conditions: catalyst (0.125 g L−1) under Us and light, T = 25 °C, water. c Comparison of H2O2 synthesis using CTF-TF-0.5 in triphase and diphase reaction system at 60 min. d Stability of CTF-TF-0.5 over 10 h. e H2O2 synthesis in real water samples using CTF-TF-0.5. f, g In-situ EPR spectra and concentration and lifetime of different free radicals during ORR (f) and WOR (g) process via CTF-TF-0.5/Us/Light. h Proposed reaction mechanism. Error bars indicate the standard deviation from three measurements.