Fig. 3: Comparative efficacy of PG-102, semaglutide, and tirzepatide on glycemic control and pancreatic islet preservation in db/db mice.

Male db/db mice (14 weeks of age) were randomized to receive PG-102 (30 nmol/kg), semaglutide (30 nmol/kg), tirzepatide (15 nmol/kg), or vehicle, administered subcutaneously every 3 days for 12 weeks. Longitudinal changes in (a) non-fasting blood glucose, (b) HbA1c, and (c) body weight are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 9). Missing values at certain time points reflect unsuccessful or insufficient blood collection. Representative pancreatic histology from mice in each group: (d) insulin immunostaining (n = 5 mice), (e) dual immunofluorescence for insulin and glucagon (n = 5 mice), and (f) dual immunofluorescence for insulin and Ki-67 (n = 4 mice). Quantitative analyses of pancreatic islet composition and proliferation: (g) islet area, (h) β-cell area, (i) α-cell area (n = 5 mice each), and (j) Ki-67⁺ cells per 10,000 μm² (n = 4 mice). Each data point represents one mouse (biological replicate), with quantification performed using one representative section per mouse. Statistical significance was evaluated using two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test for longitudinal analyses (a–c) and one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test for endpoint comparisons (g–j). SEM, standard error of the mean. Source data are provided as a Source data file.