Fig. 3: Tracking strain evolution during temperature cycling.

a In-situ EBSD images of the ZTE sample processed by heating to 300 °C and cooling to 25 °C, showing the distributions of a grain-scaled morphology and orientation. b KAM images display the strain evolution during temperature cycling. The appearance of distinct color contrast indicates significant strain, whereas a reduction in contrast suggests a decrease in strain. c Average geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density at different temperatures. GND density was calculated from KAM values obtained via EBSD analysis. Mean values were derived from statistical histograms of GND distribution. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (error bars). Detailed statistics, including total pixel counts for each condition, are provided in Supplementary Table 4. d Stored energy calculated via the KAM approach, based on local misorientation from EBSD data to estimate GND density. e In-situ XRD shows the evolution of lattice parameters of Mg during heating and cooling. f The variation of strain on the Mg matrix as a function of temperature. Source data for (c–f) are provided as a Source data file.