Fig. 1: Screening and synthesis of electrocatalysts.

a Sub-reactions involved in Gly electrosynthesis, including R1: electrochemical nitrate reduction to hydroxylamine; R2: electrochemical reduction of oxalic acid to glyoxalic acid (GOA); R3: spontaneous coupling of hydroxylamine with GOA to form glyoxylic acid oxime (GAO); R4: electrochemical reduction of GAO to Gly. b FE for Gly electrosynthesis from HNO3 and OA using common transition metal catalysts in solutions with varying pH. c FE of common transition metal foils (purity > 99%) used as catalysts for different sub-reactions at a current density of 100 mA cm−2. d SEM image of self-supported Sn NPs on CP. e HRTEM image of Sn nanoparticles. f XRD pattern of self-supported Sn NPs on CP. g, h Sn K-edge XANES and FT − EXAFS spectra of Sn NPs compared with reference materials. All electrocatalytic potentials reported were not corrected for iR drop. Source data for Fig. 1 are provided as a Source Data file.