Fig. 1: Vaults are reliably detected by TM in Dictyostelium discoideum cryo electron tomograms.

a XY slice through an exemplifying tomogram of a D. discoideum cell. Vaults are highlighted in insets. TM peaks are shown superposed. b Visualization of cytosolic vaults in an exemplifying perinuclear D. discoideum cryo electron tomogram. White: segmented and isosurface-rendered membrane, berry: vaults. c Number of TM-identified vaults per tomogram (control n = 446 in 132 tomograms, hyperosmotic n = 330 in 112 tomograms, hypoosmotic n = 223 in 74 tomograms. Mean (as +) and median (as lines) values are indicated, whiskers indicate 95-5 percentiles, and all points are displayed. Kruskal-Wallis test (alpha = 0.05) with Dunn’s correction, P = 0.0477 for control vs. hyperosmotic condition. d–f: Cytosolic vault particles. Image histograms and contrast are edited for improved visualization. g Subtomogram average of cytosolic vaults (n = 985) shown isosurface-rendered and as a longitudinal slice through the STA map; dimensions are indicated. Scale bars: a, b 100 nm for overview and 50 nm for insets; d–f 50 nm; g 20 nm. Tomograms were denoised using cryoCARE¹⁰³ for visualization. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.