Fig. 5: Average annual percentage changes in diversity indices (relative to baseline conditions) in local local plant communities of different habitat types and habitat-change trajectories.

The different diversity indices in panels a–i are described in Fig. 1. Subgroup-specific average percentage changes were calculated with weighted linear models and their significance was tested with separate two-sided Student’s t tests (at p < 0.05). Error bars show Wald-approximated 95% confidence intervals, calculated as weighted average ± 1.96 * standard error.