Fig. 4: ERVI moderately restricts the infection of primary cells and sensitizes virus particles for innate immune recognition by MDMs.

a Experimental workflow. HIV-1 NL4.3 R5 virions were cultured in S or DC for 16 h. Equivalent amounts of RT units were incubated with MDMs or activated CD4 + T cells, in the presence or absence of Efavirenz. Infection levels were determined by flow cytometry after p24 staining, and the supernatants from challenged MDMs were profiled for cytokine content. b Normalized infectivity of HIV-1 NL4.3 R5 virions after 16h of culture as in a. c Quantification of the percentage of p24 + CD4 + T cells by flow cytometry (n = 4 donors). See Sup. Fig. 9b for gating strategy. d Quantification of the percentage of p24+ MDMs by flow cytometry. (n = 6 donors). See Sup. Fig. 9b for gating strategy. e Cytokine amounts in MDM supernatants 72 h after challenge with virions from S or DC cultures, or treated with LPS (50 ng/ml, see D280-282). Heatmaps indicate Log2 fold change of cytokine amounts in infected conditions as compared to mock-infected conditions for 2 donors. Cytokines that were induced by DC cultured virions >5-fold as compared to suspension conditions for both donors are highlighted in red. f Determination of IL-6 concentration from MDM supernatants. MDMs were challenged for 72 h with S or DC HIV-1 NL4.3 R5. Culture supernatants were processed for IL-6 quantification by ELISA (n = 12 donors). g Determination of IL-6 concentration from MDM supernatants. MDMs were challenged for 72 h with different viral strains harvested from S or DC cultures. Culture supernatants were processed for IL-6 quantification by ELISA (n = 6 donors). h. Quantification of the frequency of p24+ MDMs. Cells from g. were analyzed by flow cytometry after intracellular staining of p24. Results represent the mean ± SD of three independent experiments or multiple donors. Symbols indicate individual experimental repeats (b) or donors (c, d, f, g, h). Significance is indicated by p-values, and was calculated by one-way ANOVA test; Tukey’s post-test (b, c, d), or by two-tailed ratio-paired t-test (f, g, h). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.