Abstract
The development of high-performance narrow-bandgap tin-lead (Sn-Pb) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is fundamental to surpassing the Shockley-Queisser limit via all-perovskite tandem configurations. Nevertheless, the vulnerability of Sn2+ to oxidation in Sn-Pb perovskite films and devices remains a formidable obstacle to achieving superior film quality and competitive power conversion efficiency (PCE). Here, we introduce a bio-inspired antioxidant engineering strategy employing gallic acid (GA) as a dopant and tannic acid (TA) as a surface passivator to separately stabilize the perovskite bulk and interface. GA, a small antioxidant molecule, localizes at the grain boundaries to impart oxidation resistance and suppress the formation of excess SnI2 impurities. TA, with its larger molecular framework, resides at the film surface to form a robust passivation layer that hinders oxygen intrusion while establishing a dipole that facilitates interfacial charge transfer. The dual-molecule synergy significantly enhances film oxidative stability against both intrinsic (precursor degradation) and extrinsic (neutral oxygen and superoxide) stimuli. Consequently, the Sn-Pb PSCs achieve a champion PCE of 23.46%, enabling a remarkable 29.95% (certified 29.44%) efficiency in monolithic all-perovskite tandems.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Anastasiia Sokolova and Maksim Miropoltsev from City University of Hong Kong for assistance with TRPL measurements; Haochen Liu from City University of Hong Kong for assistance with PLQY measurements; Dr. Xiaofeng Huang from City University of Hong Kong for support in FTIR measurements. Yiting Jiang acknowledges the support from the Hong Kong PhD Fellowship Scheme provided by the RGC of Hong Kong. H.-L.Y. discloses support for the research of this work from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong SAR, China (RGC Senior Research Fellow Scheme: SRFS 2526-1S04; General Research Fund: 11307323; NSFC/RGC Collaborative Research Scheme: CRS_CityU104/23); the Innovation and Technology Commission of Hong Kong (ITF Grant: GHP/394/22GD); the State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Health which receives regular funding from the Innovation and Technology Commission of the Hong Kong SAR Government (PJ9448002); and City University of Hong Kong for the project “Fostering Innovation for Resilience and Sustainable Transformation” (FIRST) (internal account 9610739), officially endorsed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) under the International Decade of Sciences for Sustainable Development (IDSSD) (2024–2033).
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Jiang, Y., Lei, T., Ge, C. et al. Bio-inspired antioxidant stabilization for efficient tin-lead and all-perovskite tandem solar cells. Nat Commun (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73210-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73210-0
