Extended Data Fig. 4: Gene family and subgenome differentiation.

a, Venn diagram showing the numbers of common and unique gene families identified in the subgenomes of three oat genomes. Aste: A. sterilis. b-c, KEGG enrichment analysis of specific genes in three subgenomes and the expanded genes in the A. sterilis genome. d, Venn diagram showing the numbers of common and unique gene families identified in Pan-A, Pan-C and Pan-D of hexaploid oat. e, GO term enrichment analysis for specific genes in Pan-A, Pan-C, and Pan-D of hexaploid oat. f, Comparison of Ks values between subgenomes in A. sterilis genome. Significance levels are computed from two-sided Wilcoxon tests. g, Gene expression pattern in the A, C, and D subgenome across three tissues in A. sterilis genome. h, Gene expression pattern across different subgenomes in three tissues, using a window of 10 collinear genes in A. sterilis genome. The horizontal axis represents the number of windows based on the A subgenome as a reference.