Extended Data Fig. 8: Observing the dynamic plantlet formation in Kalanchoe.

a, Relative spatial positions of plantlet formation in leaves of K. daigremontiana, K. fedtschenkoi, and K. marnieriana. Plantlets of K. daigremontiana and K. fedtschenkoi are formed at leaf serrations, with K. daigremontiana generating a leaf-pedestal structure for attaching the plantlets. Plantlets of K. marnieriana form in the upper epidermis near the leaf margin. b-d, Tissue section and confocal imaging showing the dynamic plantlet formation (relative stages, S0 to S4) in K. daigremontiana, K. fedtschenkoi, and K. marnieriana, respectively. T represents the inferred totipotent cells of plantlets, V indicates the vascular tissue of the mother leaf, and SAM denotes the shoot apical meristem. The green dashed line indicates the outline of the leaf serration (b, c) or leaf margin (d). Please note that due to the narrow width between serrations on the leaves at early stage, the maximum projection imaging includes some leaf outlines from non-serration regions (b). M, C, U, and L respectively indicate the direction towards the leaf margin, leaf center, upper epidermis, and lower epidermis, and the yellow-colored arrow line represents the axial direction of plantlet formation. Each representative image is shown based on ten similar observations (n = 10). Scale bar, 100 µm.