Fig. 6: The graphical abstract of this study.

This diagram illustrates the effects of scalp acupuncture stimulation on brain and muscle function. It highlights the elevation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in the brain, leading to improved exercise activity as measured by the rotarod test. Additionally, it shows improvements in muscle condition through activation of the insulin-like growth factor (Igf1)-AKT-glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) signaling pathway and reduction of macrophage infiltration and local inflammation.