Fig. 2: Mitochondria in hMPCs exhibit sexually dimorphic responses to astaxanthin treatment.

a MitoSox intensity indicating mitochondrial ROS in AX-treated male hMPCs (n = 7/9 per group, ***p < 0.001, Student’s t-test). b Abundance of mitochondrial complexes normalized to total protein stain in male hMPCs (n = 4 per group, ****p <0.0001, Student’s t-tests). c Mitochondrial area percentage measured via TOM20 staining of male hMPCs (n = 14 per group, **p <0.01, Student’s t-test). d Percent of mitochondria in the perinuclear ring for male hMPCs (n = 7/5 per group, *p < 0.05, Student’s t-test). e Intensity of VDAC1 per nucleus in undifferentiated male hMPCs (n = 7 per group, **p <0.01, Student’s t-test). f Representative images of male and female hMPCs stained for TOM20 (red)/DAPI (blue, top row, magnification: 60x, scale bars: 10 µm) and VDAC1 (green)/DAPI (blue, bottom row, magnification: 10x, scale bars: 100 µm). g Mitochondrial ROS in female hMPCs (n = 26/27 per group, Mann–Whitney test), (h) OxPhos complex abundance normalized to total protein in female cells (n = 4 per group, *p <.05, Student’s t-tests). i Mitochondrial area percentage of female hMPCs (n = 12 per group, **p <0.01, Student’s t-test). j Percentage of mitochondria in the perinuclear ring for female hMPCs (n = 12 per group, Student’s t-test). k VDAC1 intensity per nucleus in female hMPCs (n = 7 per group, *p <0.05, Student’s t-test).