Fig. 6: Estimated years of life lost by median stratification of frailty-related metabolic signatures.

A Years of life lost (YLL) comparing participants above versus below the median of the metabolomic signature of physical frailty. B YLL comparing participants above versus below the median of the metabolomic signature of the frailty index. Participants were divided into two groups—those with metabolomic signature values above the median and those below the median. YLL estimates at each age from 45 to 100 years were calculated as the difference in residual life expectancy between the above-median (higher-risk) and below-median (lower-risk) groups. Estimates were derived from flexible parametric survival models using age as the time scale and assuming a lognormal distribution. Shaded areas indicate 95% confidence intervals obtained from 1,000 bootstrap resampling iterations. YLL years of life lost, CI confidence interval.