Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants by all-cause and cause-specific mortality status in frailty index-based analyses
Characteristics | Overall (N = 266,699) | All-cause Mortality (N = 23,751) | Cancer-related mortality (N = 12,092) | CVD-related mortality (N = 8917) | Respiratory-related mortality (N = 6123) | Digestive-related mortality (N = 1957) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median (IQR) age, years | 58.0 [50.0, 63.0] | 63.0 [59.0, 67.0] | 63.0 [58.0, 66.0] | 64.0 [60.0, 67.0] | 64.0 [60.0, 67.0] | 63.0 [58.0, 66.0] |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 122,908 (46.1) | 14,145 (59.6) | 6673 (55.2) | 6006 (67.4) | 3948 (64.5) | 1242 (63.5) |
Female | 143,791 (53.9) | 9606 (40.4) | 5419 (44.8) | 2911 (32.6) | 2175 (35.5) | 715 (36.5) |
Race | ||||||
White | 253,776 (95.2) | 22,989 (96.8) | 11,769 (97.3) | 8565 (96.1) | 5922 (96.7) | 1898 (97.0) |
Others | 12,923 (4.8) | 762 (3.2) | 323 (2.7) | 352 (3.9) | 201 (3.3) | 59 (3.0) |
Education | ||||||
Lower qualification | 181,896 (68.2) | 18,376 (77.4) | 9161 (75.8) | 7120 (79.8) | 5030 (82.1) | 1566 (80.0) |
Higher qualification | 84,803 (31.8) | 5375 (22.6) | 2931 (24.2) | 1797 (20.2) | 1,093 (17.9) | 391 (20.0) |
Median (IQR) TDI | −2.21 [−3.68, 0.44] | −1.70 [−3.40, 1.49] | −1.99 [−3.53, 1.00] | −1.29 [−3.20, 2.03] | −0.97 [−3.13, 2.48] | −0.94 [−3.05, 2.20] |
Average household income (£) | ||||||
< 18,000 | 57,273 (21.5) | 8884 (37.4) | 4067 (33.6) | 3720 (41.7) | 2679 (43.8) | 799 (40.8) |
18,000–30,999 | 65,236 (24.5) | 6526 (27.5) | 3366 (27.8) | 2403 (26.9) | 1689 (27.6) | 535 (27.3) |
31,000–51,999 | 68,505 (25.7) | 4551 (19.2) | 2491 (20.6) | 1538 (17.2) | 979 (16.0) | 358 (18.3) |
52,000–100,000 | 58,048 (21.8) | 2989 (12.6) | 1696 (14.0) | 1009 (11.3) | 719 (11.8) | 221 (11.3) |
> 100,000 | 17,637 (6.6) | 801 (3.4) | 472 (3.9) | 247 (2.8) | 619 (10.1) | 44 (2.2) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 26.78 [24.17, 29.93] | 27.61 [24.72, 31.16] | 27.39 [24.64, 30.67] | 28.44 [25.35, 32.24] | 27.56 [24.46, 31.32] | 28.39 [24.99, 32.51] |
Median (IQR) | ||||||
< 18.5 | 1393 (0.5) | 220 (0.9) | 77 (0.6) | 67 (0.8) | 104 (1.7) | 28 (1.4) |
18.5–24.9 | 85,911 (32.2) | 6180 (26.0) | 3280 (27.1) | 1910 (21.4) | 1640 (26.8) | 461 (23.6) |
25–29.9 | 113,814 (42.7) | 9788 (41.2) | 5177 (42.8) | 3518 (39.5) | 2389 (39.0) | 696 (35.6) |
≥ 30 | 65,581 (24.6) | 7563 (31.8) | 3558 (29.4) | 3422 (38.4) | 1990 (32.5) | 772 (39.4) |
Median (IQR) MET minutes per week for moderate activity, minutes | 600.0 [160.0, 1440.0] | 600.0 [120.0, 1680.0] | 600.0 [160.0, 1680.0] | 540.0 [120.0, 1600.0] | 560.0 [120.0, 1680.0] | 480.0 [80.0, 1440.0] |
Regular physical activity | ||||||
Low | 40,098 (15.0) | 4402 (18.5) | 2072 (17.1) | 1804 (20.2) | 1244 (20.3) | 434 (22.2) |
Moderate | 97,878 (36.7) | 8746 (36.8) | 4487 (37.1) | 3297 (37.0) | 2264 (37.0) | 722 (36.9) |
High | 128,723 (48.3) | 10,603 (44.6) | 5533 (45.8) | 3816 (42.8) | 2615 (42.7) | 801 (40.9) |
Smoking status | ||||||
Never | 145,391 (54.5) | 9189 (38.7) | 4709 (38.9) | 3210 (36.0) | 1854 (30.3) | 718 (36.7) |
Former | 92,963 (34.9) | 10,070 (42.4) | 5154 (42.6) | 3936 (44.1) | 2725 (44.5) | 791 (40.4) |
Current | 28,345 (10.6) | 4492 (18.9) | 2229 (18.4) | 1771 (19.9) | 1544 (25.2) | 448 (22.9) |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
Never or ≤ 3 times/month | 81,332 (30.5) | 8222 (34.6) | 3949 (32.7) | 3239 (36.3) | 2278 (37.2) | 718 (36.7) |
1 ~ 2 times/week | 69,713 (26.1) | 5531 (23.3) | 2869 (23.7) | 2047 (23.0) | 1366 (22.3) | 349 (17.8) |
3 ~ 4 times/week | 61,916 (23.2) | 4625 (19.5) | 2456 (20.3) | 1647 (18.5) | 1076 (17.6) | 325 (16.6) |
Daily or almost daily | 53,738 (20.1) | 5373 (22.6) | 2818 (23.3) | 1984 (22.2) | 1403 (22.9) | 565 (28.9) |
Vegetable consumption (servings/day) | ||||||
< 2.0 | 17,390 (6.5) | 2047 (8.6) | 909 (7.5) | 881 (9.9) | 647 (10.6) | 205 (10.5) |
≥ 2.0–3.9 | 76,362 (28.6) | 6761 (28.5) | 3446 (28.5) | 2501 (28.0) | 1771 (28.9) | 565 (28.9) |
≥ 4.0–5.9 | 89,156 (33.4) | 7722 (32.5) | 4061 (33.6) | 2806 (31.5) | 1908 (31.2) | 619 (31.6) |
≥ 6.0 | 83,791 (31.4) | 7221 (30.4) | 3676 (30.4) | 2729 (30.6) | 1797 (29.3) | 568 (29.0) |
Fruit consumption (servings/day) | ||||||
< 2.0 | 88,484 (33.2) | 8723 (36.7) | 4405 (36.4) | 3386 (38.0) | 2458 (40.1) | 806 (41.2) |
≥ 2.0–2.9 | 67,298 (25.2) | 5648 (23.8) | 2950 (24.4) | 2074 (23.3) | 1430 (23.4) | 458 (23.4) |
≥ 3.0–3.9 | 51,504 (19.3) | 4166 (17.5) | 2160 (17.9) | 1519 (17.0) | 970 (15.8) | 306 (15.6) |
≥ 4.0 | 59,413 (22.3) | 5214 (22.0) | 2577 (21.3) | 1938 (21.7) | 1265 (20.7) | 387 (19.8) |
Median (IQR) SBP, mmHg | 137.0 [125.0, 150.0] | 142.0 [129.0, 155.0] | 141.0 [129.0, 154.0] | 143.0 [131.0, 157.0] | 141.0 [129.0, 155.0] | 143.0 [130.0, 156.0] |
Median (IQR) DBP, mmHg | 82.0 [75.0, 89.0] | 82.0 [75.0, 89.0] | 82.0 [76.0, 89.0] | 83.0 [75.0, 90.0] | 82.0 [75.0, 89.0] | 83.0 [76.0, 90.0] |
Drug use | ||||||
Cholesterol lowering medication | 47,867 (17.9) | 7999 (33.7) | 3411 (28.2) | 4073 (45.7) | 2302 (37.6) | 653 (33.4) |
Anti-hypertensive drug | 56,477 (21.2) | 9091 (38.3) | 3931 (32.5) | 4486 (50.3) | 2575 (42.1) | 832 (42.5) |
Insulin | 3049 (1.1) | 883 (3.7) | 232 (1.9) | 562 (6.3) | 248 (4.1) | 86 (4.4) |
Aspirin | 39,381 (14.8) | 6571 (27.7) | 2750 (22.7) | 3365 (37.7) | 1965 (32.1) | 539 (27.5) |
Non-aspirin NSAIDs | 80,048 (30.0) | 7150 (30.1) | 3536 (29.2) | 2687 (30.1) | 2028 (33.1) | 629 (32.1) |
Minerals or vitamins supplements | ||||||
Calcium, zinc, iron, and selenium | 33,343 (12.5) | 3022 (12.7) | 1482 (12.3) | 1094 (12.3) | 853 (13.9) | 253 (12.9) |
Any type vitamin supplements | 85,293 (32.0) | 7647 (32.2) | 3865 (32.0) | 2763 (31.0) | 1958 (32.0) | 678 (34.6) |
