Table 1 Summarization for the interactions mediated by microbial molecules
From: Molecules-mediated bidirectional interactions between microbes and human cells
Types | Sources | Chemical categorization | Microbial molecules | Human receptors | Human phenotypes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SCFAs | Bacteria, fungi | Small molecule | Propionate, Acetate | GPCR41 | Regulating energy balance | |
Bacteria, fungi | Small molecule | Propionate | GPCR109A, GPCR43 | Regulation of immune | ||
Bacteria, fungi | Small molecule | Acetate, propionate | OR51E2, Olfr78, GPR41 | Inhibition of cell development; Modulation of blood pressure. | ||
Bacteria, fungi | Small molecule | Acetate | GPCR43 | Promoting the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 | ||
Bacteria, fungi | Small molecule | Butyrate | GPCR109A | Regulation of the anti-inflammatory action. | ||
BAs | Bacteria | Small molecule | Conjugated bile acids | S1PR2 | Immunoregulatory functions. | |
Bacteria | Small molecule | LCA, 3-oxo-LCA, glyco-LCA, 6-oxo-LCA, LCA-acetate, LCA-propionate | VDR | Regulation of cell development and immunity. | ||
Bacteria | Small molecule | 3-oxo-LCA, LCA | PXR | Anti-inflammatory effects | ||
Bacteria | Small molecule | BAs | FXR, TGR5, CAR | Anti-inflammatory effects | ||
Bacteria | Small molecule | 3-oxo-LCA | RORγt | Regulation of cell development | ||
Tryptophan catabolites | Bacteria, fungi | Small molecule | IPA | AhR; PXR | Strengthen the gut barrier | |
Bacteria, fungi | Small molecule | Indole, indole-3-acetate, indole-3-aldehyde | AhR | Modulation of GLP-1 secretion and immunity | ||
Bacteria, fungi | Small molecule | Tryptamine | AhR; 5-HT4R | Regulation of gut motility | ||
QS molecules | Bacteria | QS signal | AHLs | AhR, PPARβ/δ, PPARγ | Immunoregulatory functions | |
Bacteria | QS signal | Quinolones, phenazines | AhR | Immunoregulatory functions | ||
Bacteria | QS signal | Gram-positive QSMs | MRGPRX2 | Immunoregulatory functions | ||
Bacteria | QS signal | LAI-1 | IQGAP1, Cdc42 and ARHGEF9 | Modulates migration of eukaryotic cells | ||
Bacteria | QS signal | AI-3 | Epinephrine pathway | Producing attaching and effacing lesions | ||
Bacteria | QS signal | DSF | TLR | Anti-inflammatory activity | ||
Others | Bacteria | Small molecule | c-di-GMP | STING | Activated type I IFN production | |
Bacteria | Small molecule | c-di-AMP | STING | Activated type I IFN production | ||
Bacteria | Small molecule | Histamine | Histamine receptors | Regulating human physiology | ||
Bacteria | Small molecule | Phenylethylamine | Dopamine receptors, GPR56/AGRG1, GPR97/AGRG3 | Regulating human physiology | ||
Fungi | Polypeptide | Signal peptide CPL1 | TLR4 | Trigger of the allergic inflammation | ||
Virus | Nucleic acids | Viral DNA | TLR9 | Trigger of the innate immune responses | ||
Fungi | Polysaccharide | Mannans | C-type lectin receptors | Trigger of the innate immune responses | ||
|  | Fungi | Polysaccharide | β-glucans | C-type lectin receptors | Trigger of the innate immune responses |
