Fig. 1: Urolithin intermediates are released by Gordonibacter spp. during ellagic acid metabolism.

a Ellagic acid metabolism scheme. 9- and 10-position urolithin hydroxyl groups are highlighted in blue-grey and red circles, respectively. b Quantification of ellagic acid (EA) and urolithin concentrations in cell-free supernatants of G. massiliensis (Gm), G. urolithinfaciens (Gu), G. pamelaeae (Gp), or Gordonibacter sp. 28C (Gsp 28C) treated with EA (100 μM) in BHIrf media after 48 h. c Quantification of ellagic acid (EA) and urolithin concentrations in total cultures of Gordonibacter spp. treated with EA (100 μM) in BHIrf media after 48 h. Data from (b, c) are from matched cultures and are shown as means ± SEM (n = 2–3 biological replicates due to lack of growth for Gm and Gu in one replicate). d Aligned chromatograms (λ = 305 nm) of urolithins in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, black lines) or EA-treated (100 μM, blue lines) cultures of Gu, E. bolteae (Eb), and E. asparagiformis (Ea) in BHI media after 5 days. e Aligned chromatograms (λ = 305 nm) of urolithins in uroM6-treated (100 μM, grey lines) cultures of Gu, Eb, and Ea in BHI media after 5 days. Data from (d, e) are from the same set of experiments. Retention times of urolithin standards are shown with grey dotted lines. Representative chromatograms from n = 1 of 3 biological replicates.