Fig. 3: Experimental validation and performance comparison of conventional design vs. evolutionary optimization (EO).
From: Inverse design of metasurfaces with non-local interactions
a Comparison of focusing efficiency vs. numerical aperture (NA) of cylindrical lenses by conventional and EO designs. For all the NAs studied, the EO designed metalenses are more efficient to focus light. b Scanning electron microscopy images of the meta-atoms arrangement for lenses with NA = 0.51 and 0.77, and the corresponding measured light intensity distribution along the axial direction (x–z plane) for both conventional and EO designs. c Comparative analysis of the metalens filling factors for various NAs. The metalenses designed using interactive meta-atoms have smaller fill factor than the ones designed using non-interacting ones. Size bar for the SEM is 2 μm, and 500 nm for the zoom-in.
