Table 1 Physical properties of known EO materials.

From: Design rules for strong electro-optic materials

Crystal	Space group	α (10^–6 °C⁻¹)	T (°C)	r (pm/V)	n	λ (nm)	n³r (pm/V)	E_g (eV)	Sources	Notes
Bi₁₂SiO₂₀	I23	11.42^	22–502^	\(r_{41} = 5\)	2.54	633	82	3.2	^70,71,72	^Nd:Bi₁₂SiO₂₀, (1102067)
Bi₁₂GeO₂₀	I23	15	20	\(r_{41}^\sigma = 3.22\)	2.54	666	53	3.2	^70,71,72,73	(1938283)
Bi₁₂TiO₂₀	I23	–	–	\(r_{41}^\sigma = 5.5\)	2.578	633	94	2.53	^74,75	(1635168)
LiNbO₃	R3c	15.9	0–500	\(r_{51}^\sigma = 33\)	2.286	633	389	4.9	^{11,72,76,77,78}	(543592)
LiTaO₃	R3c	16.2	0–500	\(r_{33}^\sigma = 30.5\)	2.18	632.8	316	3.41–4.56	^10,78,79,80	(553579)
BaTiO₃	P4mm	16.9	25	\(r_{42}^\sigma = 1300\)	2.45	546	24,118	3.2	^{34,72,81,82,83}	(1925967)
Ba_0.4Sr_0.6TiO₃	P4bm	13.42^	20–50^	\(r_{{\mathrm{eff}}}^\sigma = 350\)	2.36	510	4600	3.67	^{1,84,85,86,87,88}	^SBN:59
Ba_0.25Sr_0.75TiO₃	P4bm	12.7	0–90	\(r_{{\mathrm{eff}}}^\sigma = 844\)	2.37	510	11,235	3.88	^{1,85,86,87,89,90,91}	–
KNbO₃	Amm2	14	20–180	\(r_{42}^\sigma = 450\)	2.329	633	4801	3.43–3.6	^1,92,93,94	(1923882)
MgO:LiNbO₃	R3c	–	–	–	2.39	355	–	3.92	^95,96	(1414411)
β-BaB₂O₃	R3c	45	20–700	\(r_{22}^\sigma = 2.5\)	1.67	514	12	6.43	^97,98,99	(556972)
LiB₃O₅	Pna2₁	108.2	17–790	–	1.68	253.7	–	7.78	^39,42,97,98	(311713)
KTiOPO₄	Pna2₁	8.2	–	–	1.94	430	–	3.52	^100,101,102	(1321840)
RbTiOAsO₄	Pna2₁	14.5	–	–	1.92	532	–	–	^103,104	(1410606)
Ba_xSr_1−xTiO₃	P4mm	11	700	\(r_{{\mathrm{eff}}} = 230\)	2.34	600	2496	3.45	^{1,105,106,107,108}	\(\alpha\): x = 0.24, (551305); n, r_eff: x = 0.7, E_g: x = 0.5
Pb[Zr_xTi_1-x]O₃	P4mm, R3c	8	527	\(r_{{\mathrm{eff}}}^\sigma = 109\)	2.45	633	1603	3.4–3.6	^{1,109,110,111,112,113}	Tetragonal: (380620); Trigonal: (1228661);n,\(r_{{\mathrm{eff}}}^\sigma\), E_g: x = 0.4; \(\alpha\): x = 0.19
BeO	P6₃mc	10.57	727	–	1.74	440	–	10.6	^{114,115,116,117}	(1500435)
κ-Al₂O₃	Pna2₁	8.1	840	–	2.5	124	–	5.4	^118,119	–
P_1−xLa_x (Zr_yTi_z)_1−x/4O₃	P4mm, R3c	5.7*	25	\(r_{{\mathrm{eff}}}^\sigma = 153\)	2.64^	633	2815	3.5	^{1,120,121,122,123,124}	^x, y, z = 0.08, 0.1, 0.9: trigonal (1222146); *x, y, z = 0.07, 0.65, 0.35: tetragonal (1141504); E_g: x, y, z = 0.05, 0.54, 0.46

Physical properties of many crystals known to have a linear EO response and the conditions under which they were measured, as well as some nonlinear crystals with unknown Pockels coefficients. All of them have noncentrosymmetric space groups (a necessary condition for a nonzero EO response), and all of them are highly nonlinear (as compared to silicon, which is highly linear and has α = 2.93 × 10⁻⁶ °C¹²⁵), especially those with very high EO response. LiB₃O₅ stands out with α = 108.2 × 10⁻⁶ °C, a full order of magnitude larger than any other crystal on the table. Space groups of the crystals are from Pearson’s Crystal Database, and the seven-digit numbers in parentheses in the Notes column are the reference numbers of specific entries in the database¹²⁶. Thermal expansion coefficients listed are the largest ones found for the given materials. Refractive indices and wavelengths are either values that closely coincide with \(r_{{\mathrm{eff}}}\) if \(r_{{\mathrm{eff}}}\) is specified, or are the largest values found. Effective Pockels coefficients, labeled \(r_{{\mathrm{eff}}}\), were measured in thin film materials. Where reported, we labeled whether the measured Pockels coefficient is clamped or unclamped.
The symbols point towards to the Notes column, where additional pieces of information for the measurement marked is presented.

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Table 1 Physical properties of known EO materials.

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