Fig. 4: Large-scale molecular dynamics simulation of the inter-dimensional transformation of stanene.

a The monolayer–bulk transition at ~200 K. Using common neighbor analysis, the orange atoms are identified as bcc sites, and atoms of other colors are identified as other sites. b Frames from ~500 K NPT simulation with 10,000 atoms (39.4 × 22.7 nm) at 100, 200, 400, and 600 ps, showing the melting process of the monolayer.