Fig. 4: The generalised stacking fault energy surface (γ-surface) on different planes of HCP Ti calculated by the DP model.

a Basal. b Prism. c Pyramidal I narrow. d Pyramidal I wide. e Pyramidal II. The red crosses show all the metastable stacking fault positions from DFT in Table 3. The expected dissociations of the 〈a〉 and 〈c + a〉 dislocations are indicated by the dashed arrows in (c), (d), respectively.