Fig. 10: The quantitative analysis results of NMC523 degradation.

a–c are the point defect inference results for layered, spinel, and rock-salt phases in NCM523, respectively. The embedded markups are LV (Lithium vacancy) and TMV (transition metal vacancy). The scale bars in a–c all represent 1 nm. d TM layer spacings and point defect ratios in NCM523 STEM images with different SOC. Green bars represent layer spacing and cyan bars represent point defect ratio. Error bars represent one standard deviation computed across different STEM images.