Fig. 2: Formation energies predicted by the ML with CE features (DNN-CE) and DFT using various datasets.

a Spinel oxides (source domain Modelspinel), b perovskite oxides (target domain Modelperovskite), c direct prediction of perovskite oxides using the source domain model (ModelSP), and d transfer learning model (ModelTL). The results were averaged over 10 runs of the 10-fold cross-validation in the training process.