Fig. 2: Image descriptor and convolutional neural network (CNN) model for classification of STEM HAADF images.

a Examples of FFT-HAADF images for all 10 crystalline surfaces included in the training set, which include face-centered cubic (fcc), body-centered cubic (bcc) and hexagonal close-packed (hcp) symmetry. b Schematic CNN architecture. FFT-HAADF images are used as the input, and the assignment to one of the 10 classes is calculated in the final layer.